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INS Sant Pere i Sant Pau 

= __﻿NATURAL DISASTERS __ =



__CONTENTS__


 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) Volcanoes
 * 3) Description
 * 4) Where can this phenomenon happen and why?
 * 5) The most important volcano disasters in the world.
 * 6) Tsunamis
 * 7) Description
 * 8) Where can this phenomenon happen and why?
 * 9) Themost important Tsunamis in the world.
 * 10) Earthquackes
 * 11) Description.
 * 12) Where can this phenomenon happen and why?
 * 13) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The most important earthquackes in the world.
 * 14) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hurricanes
 * 15) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Description
 * 16) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Where can this phenomenon happen and why?
 * 17) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The most important hurricanes in the world.
 * 18) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Conclusions
 * 19) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bibliography

__<span style="color: #833a83; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">1. INTRODUCTION __

A Natural disaster is an event caused by natural forces which can be of different types: geological, hydrological, meteorological, fires, health and others. And this disasters leds to financial, environmental or human losses, losses which depend of the vulnerability of the affected population though. Even so this natural disasters occur and they are normal in the life cycle of the planet. Even though we can't know with precision when and where this disasters can occur, we can know more than years ago and we can drop the losses caused by the natural disaster, for example in the places where people know that are usual have earthquakes the architects have created a type of build which can resist the earth tremors better than others. An other strange thing is that the most important cities in the world are built in the most dangerous areas of our planet. Natural disasters are very important not only for the humanity but also for all the species who lives in the Earth.



__<span style="color: #833a83; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">2. __<span style="color: #833a83; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px;">__VOLCANOES__ __** 1. DESCRIPTION **__

The volcano is a tube that to conect the earth's surfice with the earth's nucleus where is the magma. Futhermore is an structure very dangerous because the volcano is an geographic accident that could do many damage in zones where this phenomenon is active. These are the diferents parts that all active volcano has. A eruption can do advise with smalls earthquackes but few times. In order that the volcano has a eruption the temperature must increase to boiling point of the magma and until the magma rise and make magma rivers and release the toxic fumes. The toxic fumes that volcano expel are overcoat sulfur acids because when it mix the sulfur acid with the water of ran can cause the acid rain which cause the destruction of the plants and animals. The volcano parts are: -Magma chamber: To conect the earth's surfice with earth's nucleus, the magma chamber is where to make the increase of temperature and cause the eruption. -Vent: Is the site where the lava start your ascent to crater. -Crater cone: Is the last part of volcano where the lava leave to the surfice and cause the damages.

__** 2. WHERE CAN THIS PHENOMENON HAPPEN AND WHY? **__

The zones where are more volcanoes actives are Italy the Etna, Vesuvi and Stromboli; in Indonesia The Krakatoa, the Bromo Volcano and Toba; in Hawai the Kilauea; in Ethiopia the Erta Alé; in Tanzania the Lengai and in Mexic the Popocatepelt. These are the volcanoes most famous. As well as in the mape are the principal zones where are volcanoes. The causes of the why are volcanoes in fixed zones is unknown but the science know that volcanoes can to make because the magma cause crevices in earth.

__** 3. THE MOST IMPORTANT VOLCANO DISASTERS IN THE WORLD **__ -The first disaster caused by one volcano is the Vesuvi which cause the destruction of Pompeia in Italy old city of roman empire. In 79 D.C. -Other disaster was the volcano Etna that in ten lasted years exploited five times and cause the destruction of more villages in Sicily. Is a odd volcano because has four craters cones. In 122, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004 and 2007. -The last important disaster caused by volcanoes is the Krakatoa in Indonesia tha caused a seaquacke that killed thirtyfive thousend dieds in 1883. Other disater caused by volcanoes are Santorín in Greek and Chincon in Mexic.

__<span style="color: #833a83; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">3. TSUNAMIS __ **__<span style="color: #833a83; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">﻿ 1. DESCRIPTION __** We can explain what exactly is a tsunami in many ways but according to the internet page called Dictionary.com a Tsunami is an unusually large wave produced by a seaquake or an undersea volcanic eruption, but it is not only a wave, normally a tsunami consist on series of seven or eight waves. Nevertheless tsunamis are a natural disaster caused by an other natural disaster because the most common causes of tsunamis are volcanoes, earthquakes and earth-slides under the sea. When a volcano erupt in some cases it have empty magma chambers and for that reason the roof of the magma chamber, if it coincides with the bottom of the sea, it form a crater and the sea water gush this crater, which can have one kilometre of diameter, in a very short period of time, for that reason in the surface of the sea the movement of the water form a wave which usually becomes a tsunami. An other cause of tsunamis are the earthquakes because when the tectonic plates moves under the sea and this movement is vertical it can form a wave in the surface about one meter high in the open sea, but as the wave approach to shallower waters and the shore, this wave can gain a heigh of eighty-five meters, although the most high tsunami of the history was about 500 metres high.

**__ ﻿ __** **__ 2. WHERE CAN THIS PHENOMENON HAPPEN AND WHY? __**

We have already known what is a Tsunami and what are the causes of it but which are the places of the world where this phenomenon can occur more frequently? The places which are near of the tectonic plates are more prone to have Tsunamis because of the movement of the earth and the causes of the Tsunamis about we have known before and an other condition which have to had a prone place to have tsunamis is have a large strecht of watert. The pacific ocean is the place of the world where occur more tsunames due to the large strecht of water which form the ocean and the large tectonically activity zones. There are other places where tsunamis are usually yet, like the Indian Ocean or even the Mediterranean sea, even thought in this sea tsunamis are not frequents, and when this henomen takes place in the Mediterranean the wave or series of waves have not much high and they have not terrible consequences like in the Pacific or Indian Ocean. A curious thing is that about the 50 % of the world population live permanently in those zones where the danger about the tsunamis and as well eathquakes is high and this zone is a turistic place for hollidays too, fact that in some cases became a problem.

In the last years more than three of four tsunamis have happened in the Pacific Ocean because of being situated in a zone with the 75% of the volcanoes found allover the world and its proximity of the "Pacific Ring of Fire", a zone with a high number of earthquakes. Nevertheless, in the Indian Ocean they have had place arround 60 tsunamis. **__ 3. THE MOST IMPORTANT TSUNAMIS IN THE WORLD __** Throughout the history it have taken place a lot of tsunamis but the most important and those which have had more consequences for the humanity are: The first tsunami of which I am going to speak had take place the 7th June of 1692 in the caribbean they have take lave a Tsunami which had destroy the Port Royal and they had let Jamaica permanently submerged, this tsunami have killed 2.000 persons too. An other important tsunami had happen the 1st November 1755 in the Atlantic ocean which had destroy Lisboa and it left 60000 of victims. On the 16th Agoust 1868 takes place in south america an earthquake and the consequency of it was a tsunami which caused in Africa about 25.000 dies, and in south america this tsunami took the lives of 70.000, it caused about $300 milion in damage though. The 28th December 1908 occur in Sicily a tsunami which had damage the east coast of Sicily, including Messina and a part of Italy, This tsunami left 58.000 victims. On 1st April 1946 an earthquake takes place near alaska and caused a serie of 100 large waves in the Pacific Ocean which arrive at the Hawaii zone where this tsunami killed 159 persons and it destroyed the Hilo's entrie waterfront and flooded about a half a mile of the city. An other important Tsunami was the Hilo tsunami which had hapen on 23rd May 1960 in Hawaii, this natural disaster destroied hundreds of homes and it killed 61 people, leaving a damage about $75 milion. One of the most important tsunamis of our near history was the Indian Ocean eartquake and tsunami the 26th December 2004. this was one of the deadliest and most destructive of the history. The cause of this tsunami was an earthquake of 9.1-9.3 which realised the energy of 23000 Huroshima-type atomic bomb. This tsunami eas formed for 100 feet high waves which destroyed 11 costal countries (Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and others) and killed more than 230.000 people. And finally, the most recent tsunami of our history which takes place the last 11th March 2011, caused by a eartquake about 8.9-9.0 in Japan, this tsunami was formed by 33 foot high waves. This tsunami damaged the coast, the roads, killed arround 2.414 people and caused a nucler crisis in Fukushima.

__<span style="color: #833a83; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">﻿4. EARTHQUAKES __
 * __ 1. DESCRIPTION __**

The Earthquakes are a strogs movements in the earth. This movements are produced becouse a the liberation at the strong energy. This energy is produced a contatc and breaking the tectonic plates. In the earthquakes have a 3 parts:



- __**Fault**__: This is a part where two tectonic plates crashing.

- __**Epicenter:**__ This part recived direclty the strong provocated to hypocenter.

- **__Hypocenter__**: This part is where the earthquakes stars.


 * __ 2. WHERE CAN THIS PHENOMENON HAPPEN AND WHY? __**

The Earthquakes has been produced in all time in all over the world. The Earthquakes in general occured into oceanic and continental plates. In the Earthquakes crashing a faults. This faults are the two types: - **__Normal Fault__**: Are the crack to two blocks, the faults move down relative. This faults occurred in the slowly plates. //This is a normal fault.// - __**Reverse Fault**__: Are cracks formed where one plate is pushing into another plate.These faults move in a contrary direction that normal fault. //This is a reverse fault//. - __**Strike-slip faults:**__ The Crack in this plates makes that the plates have a other direction. This new directions is to righ and left in the plates. //This is a strike-slip faults.//


 * __ 3. THE MOST IMPORTANT EARTHQUAKES IN THE WORLD __**

The most important Earthquakes in the world are the next list:

- **__Valdivia (Chile):__** This Earthquake produced at 6.000 die people in 1960. This is a the most important Earthquake becouse the most horrible. This Earthquake produced a 9.5 in the richter list.

- __**Ocean Indian:**__ This Earthquake produced in 2004 a 230.000 die people. This is between the Earthquake in Aleppo (Siria) the more kill people and produced a 9.1 in the richter list.

- __**Kamchatka (Rusia):**__ In this Earthquake isn't a number excactly the people die. The Earthquake in 1952 registred a 9.0 in the richter list.

//This picture is a Eatrhquake in Chile.// In the actually, the most important Earthquake is a terrorific succes in Japan. This Earthquake is a sad picture in the world. This succes produced aproximatly a 11.132 people die and 16.000 people missing. This Earthquake alse produced the nuclear problem in Japan becouse the water,the air and the zone aproximatly to central nuclear are contaminated.

__<span style="color: #833a83; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">5. HURRICANES __

__** 1. DESCRIPTION **__



The hurricanes or tropical cyclones, are the atmospheric phenomenons characterized by strong winds which it circulate about an area of low pressure. When velocity of winds comes to 110 km/h, are considered as hurricanes. This storm comes to the land it can make tornadoes. But the part most dangerous of the hurricanes is an enormous column of water marine that is impulsated by the wind, comes to the land, and it floods the coast. Furthermore, when this happens, the level of sea increases 6 meters, and in more extreme cases can be 13 meters.

__** 2. WHERE CAN THIS PHENOMENON HAPPEN AND WHY? **__

The zones more affected by hurricanes are the zones of the oriental, south and western Atlantic Ocean, the zones of the Pacific Ocean and also the southwest, north and south-east of the Indian Ocean.

In these zones, hurricanes can originate alone if it expire these requirements together: -The temperature of sea has to be 27 ºC. -Humity -Wind -“Spin” or a determined rotation of the Earth.

__** 3. THE MOST IMPORTANT HURRICANES IN THE WORLD **__

The hurricanes most importants that has had in the world are: - The **“Big Hurricane”** (1780) is the hurricane was in Martinica, and is the most destructive of the history. It killed to 20000 persons. - The hurricane **Mitch** (October 22, 1998 – November 5, 1998) is the second hurricane more important and it came 300km/h. It had 18000 deaths. - The hurricane **Katrina** ( August 23, 2005 – August 30, 2005). This hurricane was one of more deadly, destructives and expensive of the history of United States. It came to winds of more of 240 Km/h. The people died were 1300 approximately.

__<span style="color: #833a83; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">6. CONCLUSIONS __ In conclusion all those natural disasters are really destructive and damaging for all the species who lives in the planet and specifically those who lives in the prone zones to have this disasters, but all that can make each other think about what are the consequences for the Earth, because possibly all those disasters caused by the mother nature are good for our planet and they are a form to clean all the destruction that the humanity makes with it. We cannot avoid natural disasters and if you look through the history this phenomenons have always existed, it is the cycle of the nature and even the cycle of the life, and for that reason the only thing that the humanity can do is survive and adapt their live to the nature, we mustn't hope the adaptation of the nature at our style of live. At last we think that we would have the hope that all this disasters which are happening now, they may make aware the people to being less corrosive with our planet and maybe we can save it.

__<span style="color: #833a83; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20px;"><span style="color: #833a83; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">﻿ 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY __ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">﻿ Antecedentes historicos "La distribucion de teremotos y volcanes en la superfície terrestre" [on line] Looked up <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">28.March.2011. Avariable in Internet on: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[] <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">﻿CINDY, LISA, STACY. Orlacethinkquest. "Natural Disasters. Tsunamis" [on line] Looked up the 29.March.2011. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avariable in Internet on: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">@http://library.thinkquest.org/10136/tsunami/tsuntq.htm <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dictionary.com. "Tsunami" [on line] Looked up the 26.March.2011 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avariable in Internet on:  <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">@http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tsunami <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Noticias Interesantes. "El mayor tsunami de la historia" [on line] Looked up the 27.March.2011. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avariable in Internet on: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">@http://noticiasinteresantes.blogcindario.com/2008/11/01331-el-mayor-tsunami-de-la-historia.html <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tsunami Alarm System. "General information about tsunamis" [on line] looked up the 30.March.2011. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avariable in Internet on: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">@http://www.tsunami-alarm-system.com/en/faq/faqs.html <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Upseis. "Where do earthquakes happen?" [on line] Looked up the 29.March.2011. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avariable in Internet on: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[] V. ARAÑA. "Erupciones históricas relevantes" [on line] Looked up the 28.March.2011. Avariable in Internet on: [] <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Vitaide. "What is an earthquake?" [on line] Looked up the 27. March.2011. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avariable in Internet on: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">@http://www.vtaide.com/png/George/earthquake.htm <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. "Volcán" [on line] Looked up the 28.March.2011. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avariable in Internet on: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[]